Models
A model here means a documented method applied to data already on this site — nothing computed behind a curtain. Each one says what it takes in, what it produces, and at what point it stops being trustworthy.
The rule is that a derived number is not publishable without a written method. A measure that cannot be reproduced from the sources listed beside it is an opinion with a decimal point.
The same countries measured twice: once on the network of gross exports, once on domestic value added. The gap between the two is the foreign content of what a country ships.
Indicative EU vantage point, one industry aggregate, ends 2022
Strength, partner count, Herfindahl concentration and largest-partner share, computed over any bilateral series. Centrality measures are deliberately absent: on a near-complete weighted graph they say more about the threshold you chose than about the world.
Reproducible app/services/network.py
Where an economy rests on extracting and selling raw materials, set against the physical production and reserve tables that say who actually holds the deposits.
Where do African resources go? → · Production
Partial one destination visible in open data
The EU Industrial R&D Scoreboard aggregated to the country each company is headquartered in. Only additive quantities are summed; intensity is recomputed from the sums, never averaged across firms.
Partial headquarters, not where research happens